pero creo que sobre el uso del chupete y mas si este no es continuo (o sea, si no se lleva en la boca todo el rato) y no se prolonga mas allá de los 5 años todo lo que se dice tiene pocas pruebas:
-el riesgo de maloculsión se limita a la dentición temporal y remite en 3 a 6 meses desde el momento en que cesa su uso, y solo se rpolonga en la dentición permanente si se mantien el habito tras la erución de los dientes permanentes
-el riesgo de otitis media parece qeu en realidad es riesgo de qeu se conviertan en otitis de repetición en pacientes previamente predispuestos a padecerlas. y solo en el caso de su uso continuado.
os pongo unos articulos al respecto:
1: Pediatr Dent. 2003 Sep-Oct;25(5):449-58. Links
Pacifier use in children: a review of recent literature.Adair SM.
Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA, USA. sadair@mcg.edu
Pediatric dentists are generally well aware of the oral implications of nonnutritive sucking (NNS). NNS via digit or pacifier can effect changes in the occlusion, including openbite, excessive overjet, and possibly posterior crossbite. Skeletal changes have also been attributed to NNS. There is some evidence that pacifiers may do less harm to the dentition, particularly because pacifier habits are often spontaneously shed at about 2 to 4 years of age. Digit habits are more likely to persist into the school-age years and can require appliance therapy for discontinuation. Thus, some authorities suggest that pacifiers be recommended for infants who engage in NNS. While pediatric dentists understand the oral and perioral effects of pacifiers, they may be less well versed in other aspects of pacifier use that have been reported in the medical, nursing, chemical, and psychological literature. This paper provides reviews of literature concerning the role of pacifier NNS in 4 areas: (1) sudden infant death syndrome; (2) breast-feeding; (3) otitis media and other infections; and (4) safety. Knowledge of current literature in these areas may assist pediatric dentists with their decisions of whether to recommend or discourage pacifier use in infants.
PMID: 14649608 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
“hay evidencias de que el uso del chupete es menos lesivo para la oclusión que la succión del pulgar, particularmente porque el chupete es abandonado de forma espontanea frecuentemente entre los 2 y los 4 años de edad. La succion digital presenta un riesgo superior de prolongarse mas allá de la edad preescolar, y por ello algunas autoridades recomiendan para niños que presentan succión no nutritiva el uso de chupete.”
Int J Orthod Milwaukee. 2006 Winter;17(4):13-6. Links
Effects of pacifiers on early oral development.Poyak J.
IAO.
OBJECTIVE: Pacifier use and its effects on the developing cranio-facial structures has long been debated and filled with controversy. The aim of this meta-analysis is to investigate whether pacifiers have a harmful effect on the developing dentition, and if so, what those effects are and at what age they begin. METHODS: The existing literature was researched using PubMed and NLM for articles published in English between Jan-Feb 1992 and Oct 2003. The search utilized the words or phrases "pacifiers," "nonnutritive sucking", "pacifiers and malocclusion", "effects ofpacifiers", and "pacifier sucking". The book Essentials of Facial Growth by Enlow and Hans was also included because of the classic research on growth and development. RESULTS: Several articles showed that pacifier use beyond age 3 has an increasingly harmful effect on the developing dentition. The most notable changes are an increase in the prevalence of an anterior open bite, posterior cross bite, narrow intercuspid width of the maxillary arch, and a high narrow palate. If the pacifier was used beyond the age of 5, the effects became more severe. Pacifier use is prevalent in most countries and does not alter the dentition if its use is stopped by age 2 to 3. CONCLUSION: Pacifier use beyond the age of 3 contributes to a higher incidence in anterior open bite, posterior cross bite and narrow intercuspid width. The greater the longevity and duration ofpacifier use, the greater the potential for harmful results.
PMID: 17256438 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
“muestran que el chupete utilizado mas allá de los 3 años tiene efectos negativos crecientes en la dentición en desarrollo……[]….si el chupete se utiliza mas allá de los 5 años los efectos se hacen mas severos. El uso del chupete es prevalente en nuestra sociedad y NO ALTERA LA DENTICIÓN SI SU USO DE DETIENE ANTES DE LOS 2 O 3 AÑOS.” CONCLUSIÓN: el uso del chupete mas allá de la EDAD DE 3 AÑOS contribuye a una mayor incidencia de mordida abierta anterior….”
J Am Dent Assoc. 2001 Dec;132(12):1685-93; quiz 1726. Links
Effects of oral habits' duration on dental characteristics in the primary dentition.Warren JJ, Bishara SE, Steinbock KL, Yonezu T, Nowak AJ.
Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, The University of Iowa College of Dentistry, Iowa City 55242-1010, USA. john-warren@uiowa.edu
BACKGROUND: Studies dating to the 1870s have demonstrated that long-term nonnutritive sucking habits may lead to occlusal abnormalities, including open bite and posterior crossbite. However, little is known as to whether habits of shorter durations have lasting effects. METHODS: The authors collected longitudinal data on nonnutritive sucking among children through a series of questionnaires regularly completed by parents. Researchers examined the children at ages 4 to 5 years and obtained study models. The models were measured for dental arch parameters (including arch width, arch length and arch depth) and assessed for overjet, overbite and posterior crossbite. The authors compared the dental arch and occlusal conditions among groups of children with nonnutritive sucking habits of different durations. RESULTS: Children with nonnutritive sucking habits that continued to 48 months of age or beyond demonstrated many significant differences from children with habits of shorter durations: narrower maxillary arch widths, greater overjet and greater prevalence of open bite and posterior crossbite. In addition, compared with those who ceased their habit by 12 months of age, those with habits at 36 months of age had significantly greater mandibular canine arch widths, maxillary canine arch depths and overjet, while those with habits at 24 months and 36 months had significantly smaller palatal depths. Prevalence of anterior open bite, posterior crossbite and excessive overjet (> 4 millimeters) increased with duration of habits. CONCLUSIONS: While continuous nonnutritive sucking habits of 48 months or longer produced the greatest changes in dental arch and occlusal characteristics, children with shorter sucking durations also had detectable differences from those with minimal habit durations. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS: It may be prudent to revisit suggestions that sucking habits continued to as late as 5 to 8 years of age are of little concern.
PMID: 11780987 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
“conclusion: mientras que la CONTINUA SUCCIÓN NO NUTRITIVA diramte 48 mas meses, produce grandes cambios en las características oclusales (de la dentición decidua) se pueden ver tambien deferencias (que no maloclusión) en niños con un habito menos prolongado.”
he encontrado otro articulo (no puede pegarlo en este momento porque no me deja el ordenador) en el que se demuestra que la interrupción del habito en niños de 3 años hizo desaparecer los cambios en la oclusión en un perodo de 3 a 6 meses tras la interrupción del mismo.
todos estos articulos se refieren a cambios en la dentición temporal, no he encontrado ni uno solo que hable de que estos cambios se prolonguen mas allá en la dentición definitiva. Lo que dice el tratado de odontología que manejo yo, es que siempre que el habito se interrumpa antes del inicio de la dentición definitiva, los efectos se revierten en cuanto cesa el habito.
1: Pediatrics. 2000 Sep;106(3):483-8. Links
Comment in:
Pediatrics. 2002 Feb;109(2):351-2; author reply 353.
Pediatrics. 2002 Feb;109(2):351-2; author reply 353.
Pediatrics. 2002 Feb;109(2):351-2; author reply 353.
Pediatrics. 2002 Feb;109(2):351-2; author reply 353.
Pacifier as a risk factor for acute otitis media: A randomized, controlled trial of parental counseling.Niemela M, Pihakari O, Pokka T, Uhari M.
Department of Pediatrics, Division of Phoniatrics, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. marjon@cc.oulu.fi
OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the association between pacifier use and the increased occurrence of acute otitis media (AOM) in an intervention trial. METHODS: Fourteen well-baby clinics were selected to participate in an open, controlled cohort study. These clinics were paired according to the number of children and the social classes of the parents they served. One clinic in each pair was randomly allocated for an intervention, while the other served as a control. The nurses at the intervention clinics were trained to instruct the parents of children <18 months old to limit pacifier use during their prescheduled visits to the clinic. The intervention consisted of a leaflet explaining the harmful effects of pacifier use and instructions to restrict its use. Two hundred seventy-two children were successfully recruited from the intervention clinics and 212 from the control clinics. The data about pacifier use and the occurrence of respiratory infections and AOM were collected similarly in both groups. RESULTS: After the intervention, a 21% decrease was achieved in continuous pacifier use at the age of 7 to 18 months (P =.0001), and the occurrence of AOM per person-months at risk was 29% lower among children at the intervention clinics. The children who did not use a pacifier continuously in either of the clinics had 33% fewer AOM episodes than the children who did. CONCLUSION: Pacifier use appeared to be a preventable risk factor for AOM in children. Its restriction to the moments when the child was falling asleep effectively prevented episodes of AOM.
PMID: 10969091 [PubMed - indexed for MEDLINE]
“CONCLUSIÓN: el uso del chupete es un riesgo prevenible de otitis media recurrente en los niños. LIMITAR SU UTILIZACIÓN AL LOS MOMENTOS EN LOS QUE EL NIÑO VA A DORMIR PREVIENE EPISODIOS DE OTITIS MEDIA.”
en las revisiones sucesivas que figuran al final de este articulo se critica no obstante mucho el metodo por el que los datso fueron obetenidos:
-las enfermeras que los recogian, recibian previamente información de que el chupete puede aumentar el riesgo. por tanto no eran observadoras neutrales.
-los datos de episodios de otitis media no se recogieron en base a informes medicos, sino a síntomas referidos por los padres (que se ha demostrado que tienen una correlación muy escasa con episodios reales de otitis media)
-los autores reconocen que una reducción del uso del chupete del 21 % del tiempo, conlleva una reducción de casi el 30% del riesgo de otitis media.
he de aclarar que todos los autores estan de acuerdo que el chupete no hace aparecer una infección que no existe. sino que su papel es facilirtar que los germenes que afectan durante un catarro a la faringe o la nariz lleguen al oido.